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1 General aspects (0)   1.1 Epidemiology (16)   1.2 Population genetics (1)   1.3 Pathogenesis (1)   1.4 Quality of life (7)   1.5 Glaucomas as cause of blindness (7)   1.6 Prevention and screening (9) 2 Anatomical structures in glaucoma (0)   2.1 Conjunctiva (5)   2.2 Cornea (21)   2.3 Sclera (3)   2.4 Anterior chamber angle (7)   2.5 Meshwork (0)     2.5.1 Trabecular meshwork (5)     2.5.2 Schlemms canal (2)     2.5.3 Scleral outlet channels (0)   2.6 Aqueous humor dynamics (3)     2.6.1 Production (0)     2.6.2 Outflow (0)       2.6.2.1 Trabecular meshwork (0)       2.6.2.2 Uveoscleral (1)     2.6.3 Compostion (2)   2.7 Episcleral veins and venous pressure (0)   2.8 Iris (7)   2.9 Ciliary body (1)   2.10 Lens (0)   2.11 Vitreous body (2)   2.12 Choroid, peripapillary choroid, peripapillary atrophy (2)   2.13 Retina and retinal nerve fibre layer (25)   2.14 Optic disc (20)   2.15 Optic nerve (2)   2.16 Chiasma and retrochiasmal central nervous system (2)   2.17 Stem cells (1)   2.20 Other (1) 3 Laboratory methods (0)   3.1 Microscopy (0)   3.2 Electron microscopy (0)   3.3 Immunohistochemistry (1)   3.4 Molecular genetics (1)     3.4.1 Linkage studies (2)     3.4.2 Gene studies (25)   3.5 Molecular biology incl. 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    12.8.1 Without tube implant (11)     12.8.2 With tube implant or other drainage devices (19)     12.8.3 Non-perforating (8)     12.8.4 Using laser (1)     12.8.5 Other (0)     12.8.10 Woundhealing antifibrosis (11)     12.8.11 Complications, endophthalmitis (10)   12.9 Trabeculotomy, goniotomy (4)   12.10 Cyclodestruction (3)   12.11 Cyclodialysis (0)   12.12 Cataract extraction (0)     12.12.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.12.2 Extracapsular (0)     12.12.3 Phacoemulsification (6)   12.14 Combined cataract extraction and glaucoma surgery (1)     12.14.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.14.2 Extracapsular (3)     12.14.3 Phacoemulsification (10)   12.15 Capsulotomy (0)   12.16 Vitrectomy (1)   12.17 Anesthesia (2)   12.20 Other (4) 13 Therapeutic prognosis and outcome (0)   13.1 Prognostic factors (1)   13.2 Outcome (0)     13.2.1 IOP (0)     13.2.2 Visual field (0)       13.2.2.1 Progression (2)       13.2.2.2 Improvement (0)     13.2.3 Other (3) 14 Costing studies; pharmacoeconomics (6) 15 Miscellaneous (18)

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Abstract #26904 Published in IGR 12-3

Microchips and controlled-release drug reservoirs

Staples M
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology 2010; 2: 400-417

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This review summarizes and updates the development of implantable microchip-containing devices that control dosing from drug reservoirs integrated with the devices. As the expense and risk of new drug development continues to increase, technologies that make the best use of existing therapeutics may add significant value. Trends of future medical care that may require advanced drug delivery systems include individualized therapy and the capability to automate drug delivery. Implantable drug delivery devices that promise to address these anticipated needs have been constructed in a variety of ways using microand nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS or NEMS)-based technology. These devices expand treatment options for addressing unmet medical needs related to dosing. Within the last few years, advances in several technologies (MEMS or NEMS fabrication, materials science, polymer chemistry, and data management) have converged to enable the construction of miniaturized implantable devices for controlled delivery of therapeutic agents from one or more reservoirs. Suboptimal performance of conventional dosing methods in terms of safety, efficacy, pain, or convenience can be improved with advanced delivery devices. Microchipbased implantable drug delivery devices allow localized delivery by direct placement of the device at the treatment site, delivery on demand (emergency administration, pulsatile, or adjustable continuous dosing), programmable dosing cycles, automated delivery of multiple drugs, and dosing in response to physiological and diagnostic feedback. In addition, innovative drug-medical device combinations may protect labile active ingredients within hermetically sealed reservoirs.

M. Staples. Cusp PharmaTech Consulting LLC, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States. m.a.staples@comcast.net

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Classification:

11.16 Vehicles, delivery systems, pharmacokinetics, formulation (Part of: 11 Medical treatment)

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