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1 General aspects (0)   1.1 Epidemiology (19)   1.2 Population genetics (0)   1.3 Pathogenesis (5)   1.4 Quality of life (12)   1.5 Glaucomas as cause of blindness (13)   1.6 Prevention and screening (10) 2 Anatomical structures in glaucoma (0)   2.1 Conjunctiva (4)   2.2 Cornea (20)   2.3 Sclera (10)   2.4 Anterior chamber angle (8)   2.5 Meshwork (0)     2.5.1 Trabecular meshwork (9)     2.5.2 Schlemms canal (1)     2.5.3 Scleral outlet channels (0)   2.6 Aqueous humor dynamics (0)     2.6.1 Production (1)     2.6.2 Outflow (0)       2.6.2.1 Trabecular meshwork (5)       2.6.2.2 Uveoscleral (1)     2.6.3 Compostion (1)   2.7 Episcleral veins and venous pressure (1)   2.8 Iris (2)   2.9 Ciliary body (1)   2.10 Lens (0)   2.11 Vitreous body (0)   2.12 Choroid, peripapillary choroid, peripapillary atrophy (3)   2.13 Retina and retinal nerve fibre layer (25)   2.14 Optic disc (22)   2.15 Optic nerve (2)   2.16 Chiasma and retrochiasmal central nervous system (2)   2.17 Stem cells (3)   2.20 Other (0) 3 Laboratory methods (0)   3.1 Microscopy (3)   3.2 Electron microscopy (1)   3.3 Immunohistochemistry (2)   3.4 Molecular genetics (0)     3.4.1 Linkage studies (1)     3.4.2 Gene studies (28)   3.5 Molecular biology incl. SiRNA (9)   3.6 Cellular biology (35)   3.7 Biochemistry (5)   3.8 Pharmacology (8)   3.9 Pathophysiology (9)   3.10 Immunobiology (2)   3.11 Pharmacogenetics (0)   3.12 Proteomics (1)   3.13 In vivo imaging (0)     3.13.1 Laser Scanning (0)       3.13.1.1 Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (1)       3.13.1.2 Confocal Scanning Laser Polarimetry (0)     3.13.2 Optical Coherence Tomography (0)       3.13.2.1 Anterior Segment (1)       3.13.2.2 Posterior Segment (2)     3.13.3 RGC Imaging (1)     3.13.4 Other (0)   3.20 Other (0) 4 Tissue culture of ocular cells (0) 5 Experimental glaucoma; animal models (0)   5.1 Rodent (26)   5.2 Primates (6)   5.3 Other (14) 6 Clinical examination methods (0)   6.1 Intraocular pressure measurement; factors affecting IOP (0)     6.1.1 Devices, techniques (18)     6.1.2 Fluctuation, circadian rhythms (6)     6.1.3 Factors affecting IOP (8)   6.2 Tonography, aqueous flow measurement (see also 2.6) (0)   6.3 Biomicroscopy (slitlamp) (1)     6.3.1 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with intraocular tumors (0)     9.4.9 Glaucomas associated with elevated episcleral venous pressure (0)       9.4.10 Glaucomas associated with hemorrhage (4)     9.4.11 Glaucomas following intraocular surgery (0)       9.4.11.1 Ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma (0)       9.4.11.2 Glaucomas in aphakia and pseudophakia (10)       9.4.11.3 Epithelial, fibrous, and endothelial proliferation (0)       9.4.11.4 Glaucomas associated with corneal surgery (7)       9.4.11.5 Glaucomas associated with vitreoretinal surgery (4)     9.4.15 Glaucoma in relation to systemic disease (16)     9.4.20 Other (0) 10 Differential diagnosis e.g. anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (1) 11 Medical treatment (0)   11.1 General management, indication (5)   11.2 Cholinergic drugs (0)   11.3 Adrenergic drugs (0)     11.3.1 Epinephrine (0)     11.3.2 Thymoxamine, dapiprazole (0)     11.3.3 Apraclonidine, brimonidine (2)     11.3.4 Betablocker (5)     11.3.5 Other (0)   11.4 Prostaglandins (32)   11.5 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Without tube implant (8)     12.8.2 With tube implant or other drainage devices (16)     12.8.3 Non-perforating (3)     12.8.4 Using laser (0)     12.8.5 Other (1)     12.8.10 Woundhealing antifibrosis (16)     12.8.11 Complications, endophthalmitis (9)   12.9 Trabeculotomy, goniotomy (4)   12.10 Cyclodestruction (1)   12.11 Cyclodialysis (1)   12.12 Cataract extraction (0)     12.12.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.12.2 Extracapsular (0)     12.12.3 Phacoemulsification (4)   12.14 Combined cataract extraction and glaucoma surgery (0)     12.14.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.14.2 Extracapsular (0)     12.14.3 Phacoemulsification (3)   12.15 Capsulotomy (0)   12.16 Vitrectomy (0)   12.17 Anesthesia (4)   12.20 Other (1) 13 Therapeutic prognosis and outcome (0)   13.1 Prognostic factors (0)   13.2 Outcome (0)     13.2.1 IOP (1)     13.2.2 Visual field (0)       13.2.2.1 Progression (0)       13.2.2.2 Improvement (0)     13.2.3 Other (0) 14 Costing studies; pharmacoeconomics (14) 15 Miscellaneous (15)

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Abstract #47753 Published in IGR 13-4

Pharmacokinetics of antiglaucoma medications

Sachdev M; Yadava U; Bamrolia N
Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice 2011; 5: 21-26

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Pharmacokinetics may be simply defined as what the body does to the drug, as opposed to pharmacodynamics which may be defined as what the drug does to the body. This review is dedicated to the fate of antiglaucoma medications administerd externally. A special focus is made on the preservatives used in the antiglaucoma medications. Although from a pharmacokinetic point of view, these preservatives may improve drug penetration but their ocular surface adverse effects cannot be ignored.

U. Yadava. Guru Nanak Eye Center, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India. Email: yadavau@yahoo.com

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Classification:

11.16 Vehicles, delivery systems, pharmacokinetics, formulation (Part of: 11 Medical treatment)

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