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1 General aspects (0)   1.1 Epidemiology (13)   1.2 Population genetics (0)   1.3 Pathogenesis (6)   1.4 Quality of life (7)   1.5 Glaucomas as cause of blindness (5)   1.6 Prevention and screening (6) 2 Anatomical structures in glaucoma (0)   2.1 Conjunctiva (6)   2.2 Cornea (17)   2.3 Sclera (14)   2.4 Anterior chamber angle (6)   2.5 Meshwork (0)     2.5.1 Trabecular meshwork (16)     2.5.2 Schlemms canal (4)     2.5.3 Scleral outlet channels (2)   2.6 Aqueous humor dynamics (0)     2.6.1 Production (0)     2.6.2 Outflow (0)       2.6.2.1 Trabecular meshwork (1)       2.6.2.2 Uveoscleral (0)     2.6.3 Compostion (1)   2.7 Episcleral veins and venous pressure (0)   2.8 Iris (6)   2.9 Ciliary body (1)   2.10 Lens (1)   2.11 Vitreous body (0)   2.12 Choroid, peripapillary choroid, peripapillary atrophy (18)   2.13 Retina and retinal nerve fibre layer (33)   2.14 Optic disc (34)   2.15 Optic nerve (2)   2.16 Chiasma and retrochiasmal central nervous system (4)   2.17 Stem cells (5)   2.20 Other (0) 3 Laboratory methods (0)   3.1 Microscopy (5)   3.2 Electron microscopy (0)   3.3 Immunohistochemistry (4)   3.4 Molecular genetics (0)     3.4.1 Linkage studies (2)     3.4.2 Gene studies (29)   3.5 Molecular biology incl. SiRNA (19)   3.6 Cellular biology (37)   3.7 Biochemistry (8)   3.8 Pharmacology (11)   3.9 Pathophysiology (16)   3.10 Immunobiology (9)   3.11 Pharmacogenetics (0)   3.12 Proteomics (4)   3.13 In vivo imaging (0)     3.13.1 Laser Scanning (0)       3.13.1.1 Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (0)       3.13.1.2 Confocal Scanning Laser Polarimetry (0)     3.13.2 Optical Coherence Tomography (0)       3.13.2.1 Anterior Segment (0)       3.13.2.2 Posterior Segment (0)     3.13.3 RGC Imaging (0)     3.13.4 Other (0)   3.20 Other (0) 4 Tissue culture of ocular cells (0) 5 Experimental glaucoma; animal models (0)   5.1 Rodent (33)   5.2 Primates (5)   5.3 Other (12) 6 Clinical examination methods (0)   6.1 Intraocular pressure measurement; factors affecting IOP (0)     6.1.1 Devices, techniques (7)     6.1.2 Fluctuation, circadian rhythms (10)     6.1.3 Factors affecting IOP (11)   6.2 Tonography, aqueous flow measurement (see also 2.6) (0)   6.3 Biomicroscopy (slitlamp) (0)     6.3.1 Anterior segment (0)     6.3.2 Posterior segment (0)   6.4 Gonioscopy (0)   6.5 Ophthalmoscopy (0)   6.6 Visual field examination and other visual function tests (0)     6.6.1 Conventional manual (0)     6.6.2 Automated (30)     6.6.3 Special methods (e.g. color, contrast, SWAP etc.) (9)   6.7 Electro-ophthalmodiagnosis (3)   6.8 Photography (0)     6.8.1 Anterior segment (3)     6.8.2 Posterior segment (6)   6.9 Computerized image analysis (0)     6.9.1 Laser scanning (0)       6.9.1.1 Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (3)       6.9.1.2 Confocal Scanning Laser Polarimetry (2)     6.9.2 Optical coherence tomography (0)       6.9.2.1 Anterior (5)       6.9.2.2 Posterior (48)     6.9.5 Other (1)   6.10 Fluorescein (ICG) angiography (1)     6.10.1 Anterior segment (1)     6.10.2 Posterior segment (0)   6.11 Bloodflow measurements (21)   6.12 Ultrasonography and ultrasound biomicroscopy (9)   6.13 Provocative tests (4)   6.19 Telemedicine (0)   6.20 Progression (14)   6.30 Other (1) 8 Refractive errors in relation to glaucoma (0)   8.1 Myopia (10)   8.2 Hypermetropia (1)   8.3 Contact lenses (1)   8.4 Refractive surgical procedures (0)   8.5 Other (0) 9 Clinical forms of glaucomas (0)   9.1 Developmental glaucomas (0)     9.1.1 Congenital glaucoma, Buphthalmos (17)     9.1.2 Juvenile glaucoma (21)     9.1.3 Syndromes of Axenfeld, Rieger, Peters, aniridia (3)     9.1.4 Other (0)   9.2 Primary open angle glaucomas (0)     9.2.1 Ocular hypertension (11)     9.2.2 Other risk factors for glaucoma (5)     9.2.3 Open angle glaucoma with elevated IOP (1)     9.2.4 Normal pressure glaucoma (15)   9.3 Primary angle closure glaucomas (0)     9.3.1 Acute primary angle closure glaucoma (pupillary block) (9)     9.3.2 Chronic primary angle closure glaucoma (pupillary block) (7)     9.3.3 Plateau iris syndrome (2)     9.3.4 Primary angle closure suspect (0)     9.3.5 Primary angle closure (3)     9.3.10 Other (0)   9.4 Glaucomas associated with other ocular and systemic disorders (0)     9.4.1 Steroid-induced glaucoma (7)     9.4.2 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera (1)       9.4.2.1 Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE, incl. irisatrophy) (1)       9.4.2.2 Posterior polymorphous dystrophy (0)       9.4.2.3 Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy (0)       9.4.2.5 Other (1)     9.4.3 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the iris and ciliary body (0)       9.4.3.1 Pigmentary glaucoma (1)       9.4.3.5 Other (0)     9.4.4 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the lens (0)       9.4.4.1 Exfoliation syndrome (14)       9.4.4.2 Glaucomas associated with cataracts (0)       9.4.4.3 Glaucomas associated with lens dislocation (0)       9.4.4.5 Other (1)     9.4.5 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the retina, choroid and vitreous (0)       9.4.5.1 Neovascular glaucoma (6)       9.4.5.5 Other (9)     9.4.6 Glaucomas associated with inflammation, uveitis (14)     9.4.7 Glaucomas associated with ocular trauma (1)     9.4.8 Glaucomas associated with intraocular tumors (3)     9.4.9 Glaucomas associated with elevated episcleral venous pressure (2)       9.4.10 Glaucomas associated with hemorrhage (1)     9.4.11 Glaucomas following intraocular surgery (0)       9.4.11.1 Ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma (1)       9.4.11.2 Glaucomas in aphakia and pseudophakia (7)       9.4.11.3 Epithelial, fibrous, and endothelial proliferation (0)       9.4.11.4 Glaucomas associated with corneal surgery (3)       9.4.11.5 Glaucomas associated with vitreoretinal surgery (3)     9.4.15 Glaucoma in relation to systemic disease (42)     9.4.20 Other (2) 10 Differential diagnosis e.g. anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (4) 11 Medical treatment (0)   11.1 General management, indication (6)   11.2 Cholinergic drugs (0)   11.3 Adrenergic drugs (0)     11.3.1 Epinephrine (0)     11.3.2 Thymoxamine, dapiprazole (0)     11.3.3 Apraclonidine, brimonidine (5)     11.3.4 Betablocker (4)     11.3.5 Other (0)   11.4 Prostaglandins (22)   11.5 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (0)     11.5.1 Systemic (0)     11.5.2 Topical (3)   11.6 Osmotic treatment (0)   11.7 Treatment of bloodflow (0)   11.8 Neuroprotection (30)   11.9 Gene therapy (3)   11.13 Combination therapy (0)     11.13.1 Betablocker and pilocarpine (0)     11.13.2 Betablocker and carbon anhydrase inhibitor (2)     11.13.3 Betablocker and brimonidine (0)     11.13.4 Betablocker and prostaglandin (2)     11.13.5 Other (2)   11.14 Investigational drugs; pharmacological experiments (8)   11.15 Other drugs in relation to glaucoma (11)   11.16 Vehicles, delivery systems, pharmacokinetics, formulation (17)   11.17 Cooperation with medical therapy e.g. persistency, compliance, adherence (8)   11.20 Other (0) 12 Surgical treatment (0)   12.1 General management, indication (3)   12.2 Laser iridotomy (1)   12.3 Laser iridoplasty (0)   12.4 Laser trabeculoplasty and other laser treatment of the angle (8)   12.7 Surgical iridectomy (0)   12.8 Filtering surgery (0)     12.8.1 Without tube implant (13)     12.8.2 With tube implant or other drainage devices (29)     12.8.3 Non-perforating (2)     12.8.4 Using laser (0)     12.8.5 Other (2)     12.8.10 Woundhealing antifibrosis (13)     12.8.11 Complications, endophthalmitis (10)   12.9 Trabeculotomy, goniotomy (10)   12.10 Cyclodestruction (3)   12.11 Cyclodialysis (1)   12.12 Cataract extraction (1)     12.12.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.12.2 Extracapsular (0)     12.12.3 Phacoemulsification (4)   12.14 Combined cataract extraction and glaucoma surgery (0)     12.14.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.14.2 Extracapsular (0)     12.14.3 Phacoemulsification (7)   12.15 Capsulotomy (0)   12.16 Vitrectomy (2)   12.17 Anesthesia (5)   12.20 Other (1) 13 Therapeutic prognosis and outcome (0)   13.1 Prognostic factors (2)   13.2 Outcome (0)     13.2.1 IOP (2)     13.2.2 Visual field (0)       13.2.2.1 Progression (0)       13.2.2.2 Improvement (0)     13.2.3 Other (0) 14 Costing studies; pharmacoeconomics (4) 15 Miscellaneous (23)

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Abstract #68900 Published in IGR 18-1

Changes in Visual Function in the Elderly Population in the United States: 1995-2010

Chen Y; Hahn P; Sloan FA
Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2016; 23: 137-144

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PURPOSE: To document recent trends in visual function among the United States population aged 70+ years and investigate how the trends can be explained by inter-temporal changes in: (1) population sociodemographic characteristics, and chronic disease prevalence, including eye diseases (compositional changes); and (2) effects of the above factors on visual function (structural changes). METHODS: Data from the 1995 Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) and the 2010 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were merged with Medicare Part B claims in the interview years and the 2 previous years. Decomposition analysis was performed. Respondents from both studies were aged 70+ years. The outcome measure was respondent self-reported visual function on a 6-point scale (from 6 = blind to 1 = excellent). RESULTS: Overall, visual function improved from slightly worse than good (3.14) in 1995 to slightly better than good (2.98) in 2010. A decline in adverse effects of aging on vision was found. Among the compositional changes were higher educational attainment leading to improved vision, and higher prevalence of such diseases as diabetes mellitus, which tended to lower visual function. However, compared to compositional changes, structural changes were far more important, including decreased adverse effects of aging, diabetes mellitus (when not controlling for eye diseases), and diagnosed glaucoma. CONCLUSION: Although the US population has aged and is expected to age further, visual function improved among elderly persons, especially among persons 80+ years, likely reflecting a favorable role of structural changes identified in this study in mitigating the adverse effect of ongoing aging on vision.

a Department of Economics , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.

Full article

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Classification:

1.1 Epidemiology (Part of: 1 General aspects)
1.5 Glaucomas as cause of blindness (Part of: 1 General aspects)

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