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1 General aspects (0)   1.1 Epidemiology (14)   1.2 Population genetics (0)   1.3 Pathogenesis (1)   1.4 Quality of life (17)   1.5 Glaucomas as cause of blindness (10)   1.6 Prevention and screening (15) 2 Anatomical structures in glaucoma (0)   2.1 Conjunctiva (7)   2.2 Cornea (37)   2.3 Sclera (5)   2.4 Anterior chamber angle (9)   2.5 Meshwork (0)     2.5.1 Trabecular meshwork (15)     2.5.2 Schlemms canal (3)     2.5.3 Scleral outlet channels (0)   2.6 Aqueous humor dynamics (0)     2.6.1 Production (1)     2.6.2 Outflow (0)       2.6.2.1 Trabecular meshwork (1)       2.6.2.2 Uveoscleral (0)     2.6.3 Compostion (6)   2.7 Episcleral veins and venous pressure (0)   2.8 Iris (3)   2.9 Ciliary body (7)   2.10 Lens (1)   2.11 Vitreous body (1)   2.12 Choroid, peripapillary choroid, peripapillary atrophy (9)   2.13 Retina and retinal nerve fibre layer (38)   2.14 Optic disc (28)   2.15 Optic nerve (3)   2.16 Chiasma and retrochiasmal central nervous system (14)   2.17 Stem cells (6)   2.20 Other (0) 3 Laboratory methods (0)   3.1 Microscopy (0)   3.2 Electron microscopy (1)   3.3 Immunohistochemistry (1)   3.4 Molecular genetics (0)     3.4.1 Linkage studies (0)     3.4.2 Gene studies (16)   3.5 Molecular biology incl. SiRNA (23)   3.6 Cellular biology (45)   3.7 Biochemistry (13)   3.8 Pharmacology (15)   3.9 Pathophysiology (35)   3.10 Immunobiology (7)   3.11 Pharmacogenetics (0)   3.12 Proteomics (3)   3.13 In vivo imaging (0)     3.13.1 Laser Scanning (0)       3.13.1.1 Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (0)       3.13.1.2 Confocal Scanning Laser Polarimetry (0)     3.13.2 Optical Coherence Tomography (0)       3.13.2.1 Anterior Segment (0)       3.13.2.2 Posterior Segment (0)     3.13.3 RGC Imaging (0)     3.13.4 Other (0)   3.20 Other (0) 4 Tissue culture of ocular cells (0) 5 Experimental glaucoma; animal models (0)   5.1 Rodent (22)   5.2 Primates (1)   5.3 Other (5) 6 Clinical examination methods (0)   6.1 Intraocular pressure measurement; factors affecting IOP (0)     6.1.1 Devices, techniques (16)     6.1.2 Fluctuation, circadian rhythms (2)     6.1.3 Factors affecting IOP (15)   6.2 Tonography, aqueous flow measurement (see also 2.6) (0)   6.3 Biomicroscopy (slitlamp) (0)     6.3.1 Anterior segment (1)     6.3.2 Posterior segment (0)   6.4 Gonioscopy (1)   6.5 Ophthalmoscopy (0)   6.6 Visual field examination and other visual function tests (0)     6.6.1 Conventional manual (0)     6.6.2 Automated (25)     6.6.3 Special methods (e.g. color, contrast, SWAP etc.) (15)   6.7 Electro-ophthalmodiagnosis (6)   6.8 Photography (0)     6.8.1 Anterior segment (2)     6.8.2 Posterior segment (11)   6.9 Computerized image analysis (0)     6.9.1 Laser scanning (0)       6.9.1.1 Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (2)       6.9.1.2 Confocal Scanning Laser Polarimetry (1)     6.9.2 Optical coherence tomography (0)       6.9.2.1 Anterior (6)       6.9.2.2 Posterior (52)     6.9.5 Other (12)   6.10 Fluorescein (ICG) angiography (0)     6.10.1 Anterior segment (0)     6.10.2 Posterior segment (1)   6.11 Bloodflow measurements (24)   6.12 Ultrasonography and ultrasound biomicroscopy (6)   6.13 Provocative tests (1)   6.19 Telemedicine (6)   6.20 Progression (11)   6.30 Other (15) 8 Refractive errors in relation to glaucoma (0)   8.1 Myopia (9)   8.2 Hypermetropia (1)   8.3 Contact lenses (3)   8.4 Refractive surgical procedures (0)   8.5 Other (0) 9 Clinical forms of glaucomas (0)   9.1 Developmental glaucomas (0)     9.1.1 Congenital glaucoma, Buphthalmos (6)     9.1.2 Juvenile glaucoma (18)     9.1.3 Syndromes of Axenfeld, Rieger, Peters, aniridia (3)     9.1.4 Other (0)   9.2 Primary open angle glaucomas (0)     9.2.1 Ocular hypertension (2)     9.2.2 Other risk factors for glaucoma (8)     9.2.3 Open angle glaucoma with elevated IOP (0)     9.2.4 Normal pressure glaucoma (10)   9.3 Primary angle closure glaucomas (0)     9.3.1 Acute primary angle closure glaucoma (pupillary block) (5)     9.3.2 Chronic primary angle closure glaucoma (pupillary block) (8)     9.3.3 Plateau iris syndrome (0)     9.3.4 Primary angle closure suspect (2)     9.3.5 Primary angle closure (6)     9.3.10 Other (0)   9.4 Glaucomas associated with other ocular and systemic disorders (1)     9.4.1 Steroid-induced glaucoma (6)     9.4.2 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera (0)       9.4.2.1 Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE, incl. irisatrophy) (2)       9.4.2.2 Posterior polymorphous dystrophy (0)       9.4.2.3 Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy (0)       9.4.2.5 Other (1)     9.4.3 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the iris and ciliary body (0)       9.4.3.1 Pigmentary glaucoma (3)       9.4.3.5 Other (0)     9.4.4 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the lens (0)       9.4.4.1 Exfoliation syndrome (6)       9.4.4.2 Glaucomas associated with cataracts (3)       9.4.4.3 Glaucomas associated with lens dislocation (0)       9.4.4.5 Other (2)     9.4.5 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the retina, choroid and vitreous (0)       9.4.5.1 Neovascular glaucoma (8)       9.4.5.5 Other (9)     9.4.6 Glaucomas associated with inflammation, uveitis (17)     9.4.7 Glaucomas associated with ocular trauma (3)     9.4.8 Glaucomas associated with intraocular tumors (3)     9.4.9 Glaucomas associated with elevated episcleral venous pressure (2)       9.4.10 Glaucomas associated with hemorrhage (9)     9.4.11 Glaucomas following intraocular surgery (1)       9.4.11.1 Ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma (1)       9.4.11.2 Glaucomas in aphakia and pseudophakia (8)       9.4.11.3 Epithelial, fibrous, and endothelial proliferation (0)       9.4.11.4 Glaucomas associated with corneal surgery (6)       9.4.11.5 Glaucomas associated with vitreoretinal surgery (1)     9.4.15 Glaucoma in relation to systemic disease (38)     9.4.20 Other (1) 10 Differential diagnosis e.g. anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (5) 11 Medical treatment (0)   11.1 General management, indication (8)   11.2 Cholinergic drugs (1)   11.3 Adrenergic drugs (0)     11.3.1 Epinephrine (0)     11.3.2 Thymoxamine, dapiprazole (0)     11.3.3 Apraclonidine, brimonidine (4)     11.3.4 Betablocker (2)     11.3.5 Other (0)   11.4 Prostaglandins (9)   11.5 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (0)     11.5.1 Systemic (1)     11.5.2 Topical (4)   11.6 Osmotic treatment (0)   11.7 Treatment of bloodflow (0)   11.8 Neuroprotection (25)   11.9 Gene therapy (2)   11.13 Combination therapy (0)     11.13.1 Betablocker and pilocarpine (0)     11.13.2 Betablocker and carbon anhydrase inhibitor (1)     11.13.3 Betablocker and brimonidine (0)     11.13.4 Betablocker and prostaglandin (3)     11.13.5 Other (7)   11.14 Investigational drugs; pharmacological experiments (16)   11.15 Other drugs in relation to glaucoma (13)   11.16 Vehicles, delivery systems, pharmacokinetics, formulation (18)   11.17 Cooperation with medical therapy e.g. persistency, compliance, adherence (5)   11.20 Other (2) 12 Surgical treatment (0)   12.1 General management, indication (6)   12.2 Laser iridotomy (1)   12.3 Laser iridoplasty (0)   12.4 Laser trabeculoplasty and other laser treatment of the angle (10)   12.7 Surgical iridectomy (1)   12.8 Filtering surgery (3)     12.8.1 Without tube implant (20)     12.8.2 With tube implant or other drainage devices (50)     12.8.3 Non-perforating (16)     12.8.4 Using laser (0)     12.8.5 Other (5)     12.8.10 Woundhealing antifibrosis (8)     12.8.11 Complications, endophthalmitis (16)   12.9 Trabeculotomy, goniotomy (16)   12.10 Cyclodestruction (16)   12.11 Cyclodialysis (2)   12.12 Cataract extraction (0)     12.12.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.12.2 Extracapsular (0)     12.12.3 Phacoemulsification (8)   12.14 Combined cataract extraction and glaucoma surgery (0)     12.14.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.14.2 Extracapsular (0)     12.14.3 Phacoemulsification (13)   12.15 Capsulotomy (0)   12.16 Vitrectomy (1)   12.17 Anesthesia (1)   12.20 Other (1) 13 Therapeutic prognosis and outcome (0)   13.1 Prognostic factors (5)   13.2 Outcome (0)     13.2.1 IOP (1)     13.2.2 Visual field (2)       13.2.2.1 Progression (0)       13.2.2.2 Improvement (0)     13.2.3 Other (1) 14 Costing studies; pharmacoeconomics (15) 15 Miscellaneous (27)

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Abstract #84714 Published in IGR 21-1

Socioeconomic disparities in the global burden of glaucoma: an analysis of trends from 1990 to 2016

Wu J; Yu X; Ping X; Xu X; Cui Y; Yang H; Zhou J; Yin Q; Shentu X
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2020; 258: 587-594

See also comment(s) by Rupert Bourne •

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PURPOSE: To assess the global burden of glaucoma by year, age, sex, regions, socioeconomic development, and mean years of schooling (MYS) by using disability-adjusted life year (DALY), then to explore the health inequality with socioeconomic status in glaucoma. METHODS: Global, national, and regional DALY data of glaucoma by year, age, and sex were extracted from the Global Health Data Exchange. Human development index (HDI) and national MYS in 2015 were obtained from the Human Development Report (HDR) 2016. Mann-Whitney U test was performed to explore the sexual difference in global DALYs. Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed to explore the difference of age-standardized DALY rates across WHO regions and HDI-related country groups. Linear regression analyses were performed to explore the association between age-standardized DALY rates with HDI and MYS. Health-related Gini coefficients and concentration indexes were calculated to evaluate the trends in health inequality of glaucoma since 1990. RESULTS: DALY numbers, crude DALY rates, and age-standardized DALY rates increased by 118.0%, 55.22%, and 12.12%, respectively, since 1990. Global DALY numbers and crude DALY rates increased with age, and Mann-Whitney U test revealed no significant sex difference in global DALY numbers (P = 0.807) and global crude DALYs rates (P = 0.976) for each age group in 2016. Africa and Eastern Mediterranean had higher age-standardized DALY rates than the global one in 2016. Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant difference in age-standardized DALY rates across WHO regions (χ = 94.227, P < 0.001). Linear regression analysis indicated that HDI (adjusted R = 0.079; F = 16.722, P < 0.001) and MYS (adjusted R = 0.108; F = 23.048, P < 0.001) had a significant effect on age-standardized DALY rates. Gini coefficients rose from 0.290 in 1990 to 0.292 in 2015 with a peak value 0.299 in 2005, concentration index declined from 1990 (- 0.099) to 2000 (- 0.077) with reaching a low peak value, then rapidly increased to - 0.097 in 2015. CONCLUSIONS: With population growth and aging, global burden of glaucoma is increasing and older age, lower socioeconomic status, and lower MYS are associated with higher glaucoma burden. Our results help to gain a better understanding of glaucoma and guide future health policies tailored for public.

Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Number 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Full article

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Classification:

1.4 Quality of life (Part of: 1 General aspects)

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