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1 General aspects (0)   1.1 Epidemiology (0)   1.2 Population genetics (0)   1.3 Pathogenesis (0)   1.4 Quality of life (0)   1.5 Glaucomas as cause of blindness (0)   1.6 Prevention and screening (0) 2 Anatomical structures in glaucoma (0)   2.1 Conjunctiva (0)   2.2 Cornea (0)   2.3 Sclera (0)   2.4 Anterior chamber angle (0)   2.5 Meshwork (0)     2.5.1 Trabecular meshwork (0)     2.5.2 Schlemms canal (0)     2.5.3 Scleral outlet channels (0)   2.6 Aqueous humor dynamics (0)     2.6.1 Production (0)     2.6.2 Outflow (0)       2.6.2.1 Trabecular meshwork (0)       2.6.2.2 Uveoscleral (0)     2.6.3 Compostion (0)   2.7 Episcleral veins and venous pressure (0)   2.8 Iris (0)   2.9 Ciliary body (0)   2.10 Lens (0)   2.11 Vitreous body (0)   2.12 Choroid, peripapillary choroid, peripapillary atrophy (0)   2.13 Retina and retinal nerve fibre layer (0)   2.14 Optic disc (0)   2.15 Optic nerve (0)   2.16 Chiasma and retrochiasmal central nervous system (0)   2.17 Stem cells (0)   2.20 Other (0) 3 Laboratory methods (0)   3.1 Microscopy (0)   3.2 Electron microscopy (0)   3.3 Immunohistochemistry (0)   3.4 Molecular genetics (0)     3.4.1 Linkage studies (0)     3.4.2 Gene studies (0)   3.5 Molecular biology incl. SiRNA (0)   3.6 Cellular biology (0)   3.7 Biochemistry (0)   3.8 Pharmacology (0)   3.9 Pathophysiology (0)   3.10 Immunobiology (0)   3.11 Pharmacogenetics (0)   3.12 Proteomics (0)   3.13 In vivo imaging (0)     3.13.1 Laser Scanning (0)       3.13.1.1 Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (0)       3.13.1.2 Confocal Scanning Laser Polarimetry (0)     3.13.2 Optical Coherence Tomography (0)       3.13.2.1 Anterior Segment (0)       3.13.2.2 Posterior Segment (0)     3.13.3 RGC Imaging (0)     3.13.4 Other (0)   3.20 Other (0) 4 Tissue culture of ocular cells (0) 5 Experimental glaucoma; animal models (0)   5.1 Rodent (0)   5.2 Primates (0)   5.3 Other (0) 6 Clinical examination methods (0)   6.1 Intraocular pressure measurement; factors affecting IOP (0)     6.1.1 Devices, techniques (0)     6.1.2 Fluctuation, circadian rhythms (0)     6.1.3 Factors affecting IOP (0)   6.2 Tonography, aqueous flow measurement (see also 2.6) (0)   6.3 Biomicroscopy (slitlamp) (0)     6.3.1 Anterior segment (0)     6.3.2 Posterior segment (0)   6.4 Gonioscopy (0)   6.5 Ophthalmoscopy (0)   6.6 Visual field examination and other visual function tests (0)     6.6.1 Conventional manual (0)     6.6.2 Automated (0)     6.6.3 Special methods (e.g. color, contrast, SWAP etc.) (0)   6.7 Electro-ophthalmodiagnosis (0)   6.8 Photography (0)     6.8.1 Anterior segment (0)     6.8.2 Posterior segment (0)   6.9 Computerized image analysis (0)     6.9.1 Laser scanning (0)       6.9.1.1 Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (0)       6.9.1.2 Confocal Scanning Laser Polarimetry (0)     6.9.2 Optical coherence tomography (0)       6.9.2.1 Anterior (0)       6.9.2.2 Posterior (0)     6.9.5 Other (0)   6.10 Fluorescein (ICG) angiography (0)     6.10.1 Anterior segment (0)     6.10.2 Posterior segment (0)   6.11 Bloodflow measurements (0)   6.12 Ultrasonography and ultrasound biomicroscopy (0)   6.13 Provocative tests (0)   6.19 Telemedicine (0)   6.20 Progression (0)   6.30 Other (0) 8 Refractive errors in relation to glaucoma (0)   8.1 Myopia (0)   8.2 Hypermetropia (0)   8.3 Contact lenses (0)   8.4 Refractive surgical procedures (0)   8.5 Other (0) 9 Clinical forms of glaucomas (0)   9.1 Developmental glaucomas (0)     9.1.1 Congenital glaucoma, Buphthalmos (0)     9.1.2 Juvenile glaucoma (0)     9.1.3 Syndromes of Axenfeld, Rieger, Peters, aniridia (0)     9.1.4 Other (0)   9.2 Primary open angle glaucomas (0)     9.2.1 Ocular hypertension (0)     9.2.2 Other risk factors for glaucoma (0)     9.2.3 Open angle glaucoma with elevated IOP (0)     9.2.4 Normal pressure glaucoma (0)   9.3 Primary angle closure glaucomas (0)     9.3.1 Acute primary angle closure glaucoma (pupillary block) (0)     9.3.2 Chronic primary angle closure glaucoma (pupillary block) (0)     9.3.3 Plateau iris syndrome (0)     9.3.4 Primary angle closure suspect (0)     9.3.5 Primary angle closure (0)     9.3.10 Other (0)   9.4 Glaucomas associated with other ocular and systemic disorders (0)     9.4.1 Steroid-induced glaucoma (0)     9.4.2 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera (0)       9.4.2.1 Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE, incl. irisatrophy) (0)       9.4.2.2 Posterior polymorphous dystrophy (0)       9.4.2.3 Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy (0)       9.4.2.5 Other (0)     9.4.3 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the iris and ciliary body (0)       9.4.3.1 Pigmentary glaucoma (0)       9.4.3.5 Other (0)     9.4.4 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the lens (0)       9.4.4.1 Exfoliation syndrome (0)       9.4.4.2 Glaucomas associated with cataracts (0)       9.4.4.3 Glaucomas associated with lens dislocation (0)       9.4.4.5 Other (0)     9.4.5 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the retina, choroid and vitreous (0)       9.4.5.1 Neovascular glaucoma (0)       9.4.5.5 Other (0)     9.4.6 Glaucomas associated with inflammation, uveitis (0)     9.4.7 Glaucomas associated with ocular trauma (0)     9.4.8 Glaucomas associated with intraocular tumors (0)     9.4.9 Glaucomas associated with elevated episcleral venous pressure (0)       9.4.10 Glaucomas associated with hemorrhage (0)     9.4.11 Glaucomas following intraocular surgery (0)       9.4.11.1 Ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma (0)       9.4.11.2 Glaucomas in aphakia and pseudophakia (0)       9.4.11.3 Epithelial, fibrous, and endothelial proliferation (0)       9.4.11.4 Glaucomas associated with corneal surgery (0)       9.4.11.5 Glaucomas associated with vitreoretinal surgery (0)     9.4.15 Glaucoma in relation to systemic disease (0)     9.4.20 Other (0) 10 Differential diagnosis e.g. anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (0) 11 Medical treatment (0)   11.1 General management, indication (0)   11.2 Cholinergic drugs (0)   11.3 Adrenergic drugs (0)     11.3.1 Epinephrine (0)     11.3.2 Thymoxamine, dapiprazole (0)     11.3.3 Apraclonidine, brimonidine (0)     11.3.4 Betablocker (0)     11.3.5 Other (0)   11.4 Prostaglandins (0)   11.5 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (0)     11.5.1 Systemic (0)     11.5.2 Topical (0)   11.6 Osmotic treatment (0)   11.7 Treatment of bloodflow (0)   11.8 Neuroprotection (0)   11.9 Gene therapy (0)   11.13 Combination therapy (0)     11.13.1 Betablocker and pilocarpine (0)     11.13.2 Betablocker and carbon anhydrase inhibitor (0)     11.13.3 Betablocker and brimonidine (0)     11.13.4 Betablocker and prostaglandin (0)     11.13.5 Other (0)   11.14 Investigational drugs; pharmacological experiments (0)   11.15 Other drugs in relation to glaucoma (0)   11.16 Vehicles, delivery systems, pharmacokinetics, formulation (0)   11.17 Cooperation with medical therapy e.g. persistency, compliance, adherence (0)   11.20 Other (0) 12 Surgical treatment (0)   12.1 General management, indication (0)   12.2 Laser iridotomy (0)   12.3 Laser iridoplasty (0)   12.4 Laser trabeculoplasty and other laser treatment of the angle (0)   12.7 Surgical iridectomy (0)   12.8 Filtering surgery (0)     12.8.1 Without tube implant (0)     12.8.2 With tube implant or other drainage devices (0)     12.8.3 Non-perforating (0)     12.8.4 Using laser (0)     12.8.5 Other (0)     12.8.10 Woundhealing antifibrosis (0)     12.8.11 Complications, endophthalmitis (0)   12.9 Trabeculotomy, goniotomy (0)   12.10 Cyclodestruction (0)   12.11 Cyclodialysis (0)   12.12 Cataract extraction (0)     12.12.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.12.2 Extracapsular (0)     12.12.3 Phacoemulsification (0)   12.14 Combined cataract extraction and glaucoma surgery (0)     12.14.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.14.2 Extracapsular (0)     12.14.3 Phacoemulsification (0)   12.15 Capsulotomy (0)   12.16 Vitrectomy (0)   12.17 Anesthesia (0)   12.20 Other (0) 13 Therapeutic prognosis and outcome (0)   13.1 Prognostic factors (0)   13.2 Outcome (0)     13.2.1 IOP (0)     13.2.2 Visual field (0)       13.2.2.1 Progression (0)       13.2.2.2 Improvement (0)     13.2.3 Other (0) 14 Costing studies; pharmacoeconomics (0) 15 Miscellaneous (995)

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Abstract #23881 Published in IGR 11-2

alpha-Crystallin Downregulates the Expression of TNF-alpha and iNOS by Activated Rat Retinal Microglia in vitro and in vivo

Wu N; Wang YH; Zhao HS; Liu DN; Ying X; Yin ZQ; Wang Y
Ophthalmic Research 2009; 42: 21-28

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PURPOSE: Inhibition of microglial activation has become an important strategy to attenuate neurotoxic damage to the central nervous system. We evaluated the effects of alpha-crystallin on the production of cytokines in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and optic nerve injury-activated retinal microglia. METHODS: Microglia were collected from retinas of newborn rats, cultured and treated with LPS in vitro. Microglia were also activated by an optic nerve crush in vivo. Pretreatments with and without alpha-crystallin were performed in cultured cells, and by intravitreal injection in adult rats. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NOS synthase (iNOS) were measured by RT-PCR, ELISA, Western blot and the nitrate reductase method. RESULTS: Activated microglia significantly upregulated TNF-alpha and iNOS mRNA expression and protein production in vitro. An optic nerve crush also increased expression of retinal iNOS and TNF-alpha protein. Treatment with alpha-crystallin in vitro and in vivo downregulated their expression. CONCLUSION: The protective effect of alpha-crystallin may be due to its effect on microglia via a downregulation in the expression and release of 2 key immune regulatory and inflammatory molecules: TNF-alpha and iNOS.

Department of Ophthalmology, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.

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Classification:

5.1 Rodent (Part of: 5 Experimental glaucoma; animal models)
11.8 Neuroprotection (Part of: 11 Medical treatment)
11.14 Investigational drugs; pharmacological experiments (Part of: 11 Medical treatment)

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