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1 General aspects (0)   1.1 Epidemiology (2)   1.2 Population genetics (14)   1.3 Pathogenesis (13)   1.4 Quality of life (1)   1.5 Glaucomas as cause of blindness (2)   1.6 Prevention and screening (2) 2 Anatomical structures in glaucoma (0)   2.1 Conjunctiva (1)   2.2 Cornea (1)   2.3 Sclera (1)   2.4 Anterior chamber angle (0)   2.5 Meshwork (8)     2.5.1 Trabecular meshwork (0)     2.5.2 Schlemms canal (0)     2.5.3 Scleral outlet channels (0)   2.6 Aqueous humor dynamics (3)     2.6.1 Production (0)     2.6.2 Outflow (0)       2.6.2.1 Trabecular meshwork (0)       2.6.2.2 Uveoscleral (0)     2.6.3 Compostion (0)   2.7 Episcleral veins and venous pressure (0)   2.8 Iris (0)   2.9 Ciliary body (4)   2.10 Lens (0)   2.11 Vitreous body (0)   2.12 Choroid, peripapillary choroid, peripapillary atrophy (2)   2.13 Retina and retinal nerve fibre layer (15)   2.14 Optic disc (18)   2.15 Optic nerve (0)   2.16 Chiasma and retrochiasmal central nervous system (1)   2.17 Stem cells (0)   2.20 Other (1) 3 Laboratory methods (2)   3.1 Microscopy (1)   3.2 Electron microscopy (0)   3.3 Immunohistochemistry (5)   3.4 Molecular genetics (1)     3.4.1 Linkage studies (0)     3.4.2 Gene studies (0)   3.5 Molecular biology incl. SiRNA (0)   3.6 Cellular biology (0)   3.7 Biochemistry (0)   3.8 Pharmacology (0)   3.9 Pathophysiology (0)   3.10 Immunobiology (0)   3.11 Pharmacogenetics (0)   3.12 Proteomics (0)   3.13 In vivo imaging (0)     3.13.1 Laser Scanning (0)       3.13.1.1 Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (0)       3.13.1.2 Confocal Scanning Laser Polarimetry (0)     3.13.2 Optical Coherence Tomography (0)       3.13.2.1 Anterior Segment (0)       3.13.2.2 Posterior Segment (0)     3.13.3 RGC Imaging (0)     3.13.4 Other (0)   3.20 Other (0) 4 Tissue culture of ocular cells (6) 5 Experimental glaucoma; animal models (22)   5.1 Rodent (0)   5.2 Primates (0)   5.3 Other (0) 6 Clinical examination methods (0)   6.1 Intraocular pressure measurement; factors affecting IOP (9)     6.1.1 Devices, techniques (0)     6.1.2 Fluctuation, circadian rhythms (0)     6.1.3 Factors affecting IOP (0)   6.2 Tonography, aqueous flow measurement (see also 2.6) (0)   6.3 Biomicroscopy (slitlamp) (0)     6.3.1 Anterior segment (0)     6.3.2 Posterior segment (1)   6.4 Gonioscopy (0)   6.5 Ophthalmoscopy (0)   6.6 Visual field examination and other visual function tests (1)     6.6.1 Conventional manual (0)     6.6.2 Automated (13)     6.6.3 Special methods (e.g. color, contrast, SWAP etc.) (12)   6.7 Electro-ophthalmodiagnosis (12)   6.8 Photography (0)     6.8.1 Anterior segment (0)     6.8.2 Posterior segment (3)   6.9 Computerized image analysis (1)     6.9.1 Laser scanning (17)       6.9.1.1 Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (0)       6.9.1.2 Confocal Scanning Laser Polarimetry (0)     6.9.2 Optical coherence tomography (6)       6.9.2.1 Anterior (0)       6.9.2.2 Posterior (0)     6.9.5 Other (1)   6.10 Fluorescein (ICG) angiography (0)     6.10.1 Anterior segment (0)     6.10.2 Posterior segment (1)   6.11 Bloodflow measurements (14)   6.12 Ultrasonography and ultrasound biomicroscopy (1)   6.13 Provocative tests (2)   6.19 Telemedicine (0)   6.20 Progression (0)   6.30 Other (0) 8 Refractive errors in relation to glaucoma (0)   8.1 Myopia (5)   8.2 Hypermetropia (0)   8.3 Contact lenses (0)   8.4 Refractive surgical procedures (2)   8.5 Other (1) 9 Clinical forms of glaucomas (0)   9.1 Developmental glaucomas (1)     9.1.1 Congenital glaucoma, Buphthalmos (2)     9.1.2 Juvenile glaucoma (0)     9.1.3 Syndromes of Axenfeld, Rieger, Peters, aniridia (3)     9.1.4 Other (0)   9.2 Primary open angle glaucomas (0)     9.2.1 Ocular hypertension (3)     9.2.2 Other risk factors for glaucoma (7)     9.2.3 Open angle glaucoma with elevated IOP (2)     9.2.4 Normal pressure glaucoma (5)   9.3 Primary angle closure glaucomas (1)     9.3.1 Acute primary angle closure glaucoma (pupillary block) (3)     9.3.2 Chronic primary angle closure glaucoma (pupillary block) (3)     9.3.3 Plateau iris syndrome (0)     9.3.4 Primary angle closure suspect (0)     9.3.5 Primary angle closure (0)     9.3.10 Other (2)   9.4 Glaucomas associated with other ocular and systemic disorders (0)     9.4.1 Steroid-induced glaucoma (1)     9.4.2 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera (0)       9.4.2.1 Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE, incl. irisatrophy) (0)       9.4.2.2 Posterior polymorphous dystrophy (0)       9.4.2.3 Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy (0)       9.4.2.5 Other (0)     9.4.3 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the iris and ciliary body (0)       9.4.3.1 Pigmentary glaucoma (0)       9.4.3.5 Other (1)     9.4.4 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the lens (0)       9.4.4.1 Exfoliation syndrome (6)       9.4.4.2 Glaucomas associated with cataracts (0)       9.4.4.3 Glaucomas associated with lens dislocation (0)       9.4.4.5 Other (1)     9.4.5 Glaucomas associated with disorders of the retina, choroid and vitreous (1)       9.4.5.1 Neovascular glaucoma (3)       9.4.5.5 Other (0)     9.4.6 Glaucomas associated with inflammation, uveitis (3)     9.4.7 Glaucomas associated with ocular trauma (2)     9.4.8 Glaucomas associated with intraocular tumors (0)     9.4.9 Glaucomas associated with elevated episcleral venous pressure (0)       9.4.10 Glaucomas associated with hemorrhage (0)     9.4.11 Glaucomas following intraocular surgery (0)       9.4.11.1 Ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma (0)       9.4.11.2 Glaucomas in aphakia and pseudophakia (1)       9.4.11.3 Epithelial, fibrous, and endothelial proliferation (0)       9.4.11.4 Glaucomas associated with corneal surgery (3)       9.4.11.5 Glaucomas associated with vitreoretinal surgery (0)     9.4.15 Glaucoma in relation to systemic disease (3)     9.4.20 Other (0) 10 Differential diagnosis e.g. anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (3) 11 Medical treatment (0)   11.1 General management, indication (7)   11.2 Cholinergic drugs (1)   11.3 Adrenergic drugs (0)     11.3.1 Epinephrine (0)     11.3.2 Thymoxamine, dapiprazole (0)     11.3.3 Apraclonidine, brimonidine (10)     11.3.4 Betablocker (15)     11.3.5 Other (0)   11.4 Prostaglandins (23)   11.5 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (0)     11.5.1 Systemic (1)     11.5.2 Topical (2)   11.6 Osmotic treatment (0)   11.7 Treatment of bloodflow (2)   11.8 Neuroprotection (11)   11.9 Gene therapy (3)   11.13 Combination therapy (0)     11.13.1 Betablocker and pilocarpine (0)     11.13.2 Betablocker and carbon anhydrase inhibitor (0)     11.13.3 Betablocker and brimonidine (0)     11.13.4 Betablocker and prostaglandin (0)     11.13.5 Other (0)   11.14 Investigational drugs; pharmacological experiments (6)   11.15 Other drugs in relation to glaucoma (2)   11.16 Vehicles, delivery systems, pharmacokinetics, formulation (7)   11.17 Cooperation with medical therapy e.g. persistency, compliance, adherence (0)   11.20 Other (2) 12 Surgical treatment (0)   12.1 General management, indication (0)   12.2 Laser iridotomy (2)   12.3 Laser iridoplasty (1)   12.4 Laser trabeculoplasty and other laser treatment of the angle (2)   12.7 Surgical iridectomy (1)   12.8 Filtering surgery (0)     12.8.1 Without tube implant (5)     12.8.2 With tube implant or other drainage devices (5)     12.8.3 Non-perforating (18)     12.8.4 Using laser (1)     12.8.5 Other (1)     12.8.10 Woundhealing antifibrosis (12)     12.8.11 Complications, endophthalmitis (10)   12.9 Trabeculotomy, goniotomy (1)   12.10 Cyclodestruction (5)   12.11 Cyclodialysis (0)   12.12 Cataract extraction (0)     12.12.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.12.2 Extracapsular (0)     12.12.3 Phacoemulsification (10)   12.14 Combined cataract extraction and glaucoma surgery (0)     12.14.1 Intracapsular (0)     12.14.2 Extracapsular (0)     12.14.3 Phacoemulsification (3)   12.15 Capsulotomy (1)   12.16 Vitrectomy (0)   12.17 Anesthesia (5)   12.20 Other (2) 13 Therapeutic prognosis and outcome (0)   13.1 Prognostic factors (0)   13.2 Outcome (0)     13.2.1 IOP (0)     13.2.2 Visual field (0)       13.2.2.1 Progression (0)       13.2.2.2 Improvement (0)     13.2.3 Other (0) 14 Costing studies; pharmacoeconomics (2) 15 Miscellaneous (3)

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Abstract #3601 Published in IGR 4-2

Ocular drug delivery using 20-kHz ultrasound

Zderic V; Vaezy S; Martin RW; Clark JI
Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2002; 28: 823-829

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The cornea is a major pathway for drug delivery to diseased eye structures. The authors investigated the application of one-second bursts of 20-kHz ultrasound, at I_SAPA of 14 W/cm² (I_SATA of 2 W/cm²), for enhancement of corneal permeability to glaucoma drugs of different lipophilicity (atenolol, carteolol, timolol and betaxolol). The permeability of rabbit cornea increased by 2.6 times for atenolol, 2.8 for carteolol, 1.9 for timolol and 4.4 times for betaxolol (all p values < 0.05), after 60 minutes of ultrasound (US) exposure in vitro. The differences between the treatment and control experiments were statistically significant after 10-30 minutes of US exposure for all four drugs. US application appeared to produce epithelial disorganization and structural changes in the corneal stroma. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal US parameters for a safe and effective treatment.

Dr. V. Zderic, Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Laboratory, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. vesna@u.washington.edu

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Classification:

11.16 Vehicles, delivery systems, pharmacokinetics, formulation (Part of: 11 Medical treatment)

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